As a result, the Chinese people now have better knowledge as for how to identify, reject, watch out and control illicit drugs. The Chinese Government maintains that drug treatment and rehabilitation should proceed in a people-oriented way.
Taking education and rescue of drug addicts as its top priority, the Chinese Government has worked tirelessly to devise effective drug treatment and rehabilitation methods. The multi-pronged drug rehabilitation system, which includes voluntary, compulsory in closed settings and community-based rehabilitation and methadone maintenance treatment as well as other drug rehabilitation modalities has helped many drug addicts give up drug abuse and reintegrate into the society.
A total of 70 integrated drug rehabilitation facilities have been established, that not only provide physical and psychological treatment and rehabilitation, but also assist former drug addicts in returning to the society. Community-based maintenance treatment for opiate substance dependants has been strengthened, with clinics set up nationwide.
Treatment fees falling on financially-strapped drug addicts are being reduced or cancelled. By the end of December , China had 1,, registered drug users, including , heroin abusers and , new-type drug abusers. Between and , total of 1. Currently, there are , drug users under the programme of community-based education and supports, and 67, registered former heroin addicts remained relapse free for at least three years. The Chinese Government has taken strict measures under the law in combating drug-related crimes and stern punishment over drug criminals.
Interdiction and detection networks have been established in major hotspot border areas along land, water and air routes as well as postal channels, which have resulted in effective reduction of entry of illicit drugs and exit of precursor chemicals.
Through strengthened international drug law enforcement cooperation, in collaboration with relevant countries, a number of major transnational criminal drug cases were cracked down involving illicit drug manufacture and trafficking, including the Operations "7. From up to , total of , drug-related criminal cases were made, with over , drug crime suspects detained, and the seizure of China is a major producer and exporter of chemical products and produces including the 23 precursor chemicals under the control of UN Convention.
The Chinese Government has persisted on strict administration, with timely improvement of the legal framework for precursor control, consistent overhaul campaigns to regulate the production, distribution and administration, and severe punishment over the smuggling and illegal trading of precursor chemicals, which has resulted in effective prevention of drug precursors from diversion into illegal channels. China has actively participated in international precursor control operations under the auspices of the International Narcotics Control Board, including the "Operation Purple", "Operation Topaz" and "Project Prism", and a number of precursor smuggling cases were made jointly with other relevant countries.
Between and , total of 1, drug precursor smuggling cases were made and 7, administrative violations handled, with 6, tons of precursor chemicals seized and attempts of illicit exporting of 5, tons of precursors were stopped through international checking mechanism.
The Chinese Government has always attached great importance to international drug control cooperation. China supports and actively participates in international drug control efforts. In addition, we have signed bilateral anti-drug cooperation agreements and MOUs with 18 countries.
China has hosted a number of meetings under the drug control mechanism of ASEAN-China, East Asia subregional MOU and Shanghai Cooperative Organization with the aim of enhancing information exchange, judicial cooperation and law enforcement training programmes.
In particular China has increased its efforts in the regional alternative development, and invested over RMB million to help the neighboring countries in alternative development of opium cultivation. We are glad to note that the drug situation in the "Golden Triangle" has been much improved, demonstrated by the decrease of , hectares in to 29, hectares in This situation was aggravated after the failure of Opium Wars that occurred between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China with the aim of forcing China to import British Opium; this war made China open the door to a free flowing opium trade, with disastrous social and public health consequences.
The subsequent rise of the new China created drug-free atmosphere by strict legislation and punishment, in which drug use greatly decreased. However, in the context of governmental reform and the open-door policies of the s, drug abuse has re-emerged as a major public health problem. That month, the United States and Mexico also held the first-ever trilateral National Fentanyl Conference for forensic chemists from Mexico, the United States, and Canada to share best practices on the detection, analysis, and handling of fentanyl.
These ongoing dialogues are advancing efforts to disrupt drug trafficking in North America and to end impunity for the TCOs profiting from it. He assumed office in December, having won the presidential election in July as a leftist populist with 53 percent of the vote, pledging to fight corruption and end the violence plaguing Mexico. On the campaign trail, AMLO repeated catchy slogans and rhymes to show his opposition to the militarized drug war. AMLO is expected to focus more on domestic matters like socio-economic development and anti-corruption rather than on counternarcotics efforts.
There is concern that he will adopt the anti-U. Specifically, the Plan aims to reform the Mexican security services by creating a Mexican National Guard, demilitarizing the conflict with the cartels, consider granting amnesty to drug traffickers, and legalizing marijuana and opium poppy cultivation.
The majority of precursor chemical production and export from China is intended for legitimate use; however, precursors and synthetics are being diverted by TCOs and are also manufactured in large, sophisticated, illegal factories within China. Chinese criminal organizations traffic illicit drugs domestically and to international markets, and Chinese authorities have noted the presence of international drug trafficking organizations originating from Africa and Mexico operating within the country.
The United States is cooperating with China to reduce the production and trafficking of illicit fentanyl and fentanyl analogues originating from China through joint law enforcement operations and information-sharing. In , the United States and China regularly shared law enforcement information on new and emerging fentanyl analogues and illegal manufacturing and trafficking activity.
For example, DHS and DOJ officials in Hong Kong worked with local customs and law enforcement authorities in to seize an estimated 50 packages containing fentanyl that were bound for the United States and Canada. The challenges posed by trafficking synthetics via the internet and small parcel trafficking patterns are formidable and will test the cooperative spirit and ingenuity of the law enforcement authorities in the United States and China.
Canada is the second largest per capita consumer of prescription opioids in the world after the United States, according to the International Narcotics Control Board. Canadian authorities reported that 65 percent of all analyzed heroin seizure samples tested during the first six months of contained fentanyl or its analogues.
Integrated teams of Canadian and U. Sadly, the current opioid crisis is reminiscent of past periods of addiction and overdose deaths in the United States. The crisis today, however, is on a much larger scale owing to how the American appetite for opioids has changed the nature of the drug trade in North America, from the consumption of marijuana and cocaine to that of heroin and fentanyl, and that Mexican TCOs have been quick to capitalize on this demand signal at the expense of record levels of drug-related violence and homicides in Mexico.
The opioid epidemic is now a health, security, social, economic welfare, and national security crisis, with some Americans dying from heroin overdoses per week—a rate that contributed to the second straight annual decline in U. The United States Government is doubling down on its prevention, treatment, and supply interdiction measures at the national, state, and local levels to tackle the opioid epidemic.
The public, private, and civic sectors must take a more active role in raising awareness of drug abuse and addiction to reduce the demand for opioids, particularly since this opioid epidemic does not discriminate against gender, race, age, economic status, or location.
As a transnational crisis, international cooperation to address the supply of illicit opioids is also essential. This whole-of-society approach is required to triumph in the new opium war and overcome this latest opioid epidemic in North America.
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News Feb. Celina B. Realuyo is a Professor of Practice at the William J. Increased Usage and Increased Potency: Dangerous Crossroads In , drug overdoses killed an estimated 72, Americans—a record number that reflects a rise of about 10 percent over the previous year—according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. Comparison of a U. Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Enforcement Administration Comparison of a U.
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