Colonel Dimka, were executed for their involvement in the military rebellion. On May 16, , Lt. Colonel Dimka and six other individuals were executed for their involvement in the military rebellion and assassination of General Murtala Mohammed.
The member committee appointed in October submitted a draft constitution to the SMC on September 14, Nine individuals were killed during demonstrations in Lagos on April , General Obasanjo ended the state-of-emergency and lifted the ban on political parties on September 21, One the same day, the Constituent Assembly submitted a draft constitution, which created a presidential system of government in Nigeria.
Legislative elections were held on July 14, , and the NPN won out of seats in the House of Representatives. Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the NPN was elected president with 34 percent of the vote on August 11, , and he was inaugurated as president on October 1, The new constitution went into effect on October 1, Post-Crisis Phase October 2, December 30, : Government police and members of the Muslim fundamentalist Yen Izala sect headed by Malam Mohammadu Marwa clashed in Kano in northern Nigeria on December , , resulting in the deaths of some 1, civilians and 50 government policemen.
Some 5, individuals were killed in political violence in and Government police clashed with members of the Yen Izala sect in Maiduguri in the state of Borno and Kaduna in northeastern Nigeria on October , , resulting in the deaths of some government policemen and civilians.
The government banned the Yen Izala sect on November 18, The government expelled some 2. Eight individuals were killed in political violence in Ibadan in the state of Oyo on July 8, President Shagari was re-elected for a second term with 48 percent of the vote on August 6, , and he was inaugurated on October 1, The NPN won 13 out of 19 state governorships in elections on August 13, Eighty-two individuals were killed in political violence in the state of Ondo on August , Legislative elections were held on August , , and the NPN won 60 out of 96 seats in the Senate and out of seats in the House of Representatives.
Government troops clashed with members of a Muslim fundamentalist sect headed by Musa Makaniki in Yola in the state of Gongola on February 27, , resulting in the deaths of some 1, individuals. Government police clashed with members of the Muslim Fundamentalist sect Yen Izala headed by Yusufu Adamu in Gombe on April 26, , resulting in the deaths of individuals. General Buhari was deposed in a military coup led by Major General Ibrahim Babangida on August 27, , resulting in the deaths of one government policeman.
The government announced the discovery of a plot within the military to overthrow the government on December 20, , and several hundred military personnel were arrested for their involvement in the plot. Thirteen military personnel were convicted and sentenced to death on February 25, A new constitution went into effect on May 3, , and the ban on political parties was lifted.
On October 7 , President Babangida dissolved thirteen political parties that had applied for registration since May Government troops suppressed a military rebellion led by Major Gideon Orkar on April 22, , resulting in the deaths of some individuals. Forty-two military personnel were executed for their involvement in the military rebellion on July 27, , and twenty-seven individuals were executed for their involvement in the military rebellion on September 13, Government police clashed with anti-government demonstrators in Lagos on May , , resulting in the deaths of seven individuals.
Some individuals were killed in religious violence throughout the country on May , President Babangida nullified the results of the presidential election on July 4, , resulting in the deaths of eleven individuals during rioting in Lagos on July 5, The European Community EC imposed military sanctions arms embargo against the government on July 13, General Sani Abacha deposed the civilian government and dissolved the parliament on November , Moshood Abiola was arrested and charged with treason on June 23, General Abacha lifted the ban on political activity on June 27, The London-based non-governmental organization Amnesty International condemned the Nigerian government for the executions on November 10, The CON imposed imposed diplomatic sanctions suspension of membership against the government on November 11, The EU imposed economic sanctions suspension of economic assistance and travel ban and military sanctions arms embargo against the Nigerian government on November 20, The foreign ministers of the CON imposed military sanctions arms embargo and economic sanctions travel embargo and freeze on foreign-held assets against the government on April 24, The government charged 15 individuals with treason on March 12, The Canadian government imposed diplomatic sanctions suspension of diplomatic relations against the Nigerian government on March 13, Government troops clashed with demonstrators in Ibadan on April 15, , resulting in the deaths of at least three individuals.
At least three individuals were killed in an explosion in Lagos on April 23, Opposition political parties were banned from participating in the legislative elections and called for a boycott of the legislative elections. Moshood Abiola died in prison on July 7, The EU lifted economic sanctions travel ban against the Nigerian government on November 1, Elections for local councils were held on December 5, , and elections for state governors and assemblies were held on January 9, The CON sent 17 short-term observers to monitor the election process from November 30, to January 11, Nineteen individuals were killed in political violence in the Niger Delta region on February 1, The OAU sent 50 short-term observers from 18 countries headed by Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania to monitor the legislative and presidential elections from February 18 to March 2, The CON sent 34 short-term observers from 23 countries headed by Ketumile Masire of Botswana to monitor the elections from February 12 to March 2, President Jimmy Carter and Mahamane Ousmane of Niger to jointly monitor the legislative and presidential elections from February 17 to March 1, The EU sent short-term observers to monitor the presidential election.
The Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie OIF sent short-term observers to monitor the presidential election. General Abdulsalami Abubakar signed into law a new constitution on May 5, The CON lifted diplomatic sanctions suspension of membership against the Nigerian government on May 29, Olusegun Obasanjo was inaugurated as president on May 29, The CON lifted military sanctions arms embargo and economic sanctions travel embargo and freeze on foreign-held assets against the Nigerian government on November 1, Some individuals were killed in ethnic violence in Lagos on November 28, The state of Kaduna introduced Sharia in February Some individuals were killed, and some , individuals were displaced as a result of violence in the city of Kaduna in the state of Kaduna on February , More than 50 individuals were killed in religious violence in the town of Aba in southeastern Nigeria on February 28, The ICRC provided humanitarian assistance to individuals adversely affected by the violence in the state of Kaduna beginning on February 28, Government police arrested 40 supporters of an independent state of Biafra on April 19, Some individuals were killed as a result of religious violence in the state of Kaduna on May , Some 25 individuals were killed in violence in Bambam in the state of Gombe on September , Bariya Ibrahim Magazu was given a sentence of lashes for fornication by a Sharia court in the state of Zamfara in September Some individuals were killed and some 20, individuals were displaced as a result of violence in Lagos in October Some 1, individuals were killed as a result of violence in A reduced Sharia sentence of lashes against year old Bariya Ibrahim Magazu was carried out in the state of Zamfara on January 19, The government of Canada condemned the flogging on January 22, Government police arrested the leader of a Biafran secessionist movement, Ralph Uwazuruike, on February 8, Some individuals were killed, and some 50, individuals were displaced as a result of violence in the state of Nassarawa on June , Some 1, individuals were killed in violence in the state of Bauchi in July Some 1, individuals were killed in religious violence in Jos in the state of Plateau on September , President Olusegun Obasanjo deployed government troops to suppress the violence in Jos on September 8, Members of the Tiv ethnic group killed 19 government soldiers in the village of Zaki-Biam in the state of Benue on October , Some individuals were killed as a result of violence in Kano on October , Government troops killed some civilians, and some , were displaced as a result of the violence in the state of Benue on October , Eleven individuals were killed as a result of violence in the state of Kaduna state in northern Nigeria on November , Some 20 individuals were killed as a result of violence in the village of Dagwom Turu in the state of Plateau on December 30, Some , individuals were displaced as a result of violence in The U.
Some individuals were killed as a result of violence in Lagos on February , Government troops were deployed to suppress the violence in Lagos on February 5, The Nigerian government declared that certain aspects of Sharia were unconstitutional on March 22, The death sentence against Safiya Husaini for adultery was overturned by a Sharia appeals court on March 25, On April 20, , the U.
Muslim clerics in the state of Oyo introduced Sharia on May 1, , but the state government declared that it would not enforce Islamic law in the state. Some 15 individuals were killed as a result of violence in Jos in the state of Plateau on May 2, Some individuals were killed as a result of violence in the town of Nembe in the state of Bayelsa on July , On August 3, , President Olusegun Obasanjo announced a postponement of local elections, which were scheduled for August 10, The Nigerian House of Representatives demanded the resignation of President Olusegun Obasanjo on August 13, , but the demand was rejected on August 14, Six individuals were killed as a result of violence in the village of Kassa on October 14, Eight individuals were killed as a result of violence in Jos on October , On November 13, , President Olusegun Obasanjo granted amnesty to 80 government soldiers who fought in the Biafran conflict on the side of the rebels between and Some individuals were killed in violence in Kaduna and Abuja on November , Some 4, individuals were displaced in Kaduna.
Some 25, Nigerians were refugees externally displaced in There is a high plateau of extinct volcanoes in the centre of the country and a mountainous area along its border with Cameroon. In May , the Secretariat helped Nigeria share new ideas to stop corruption with other countries in the Africa region.
The Secretariat provided Nigeria with policy advice on public finance and managing risks. Government should purge itself of corrupt elements and prosecute those found culpable.
This internal purge will not only show commitment and the will to fight corruption, but will also serve as a deterrent to others across the country.
A paper I coauthored argues that national integration and its benefits can be realised only with the development and entrenchment of a supportive public culture. Nigerians must understand, respect and tolerate differences occasioned by socio-cultural diversity and also develop new institutions and mechanisms that address poverty, revenue allocation and other national issues peacefully.
Nigeria can transform its potential into success. With a huge population, its citizens can be mobilised and empowered to engage in manufacturing as China, Singapore and South Korea have done. This will change the society from a consuming country to a powerhouse in manufacturing and exportation. At 60, Nigeria should not be groping in the dark. There have been numerous wasted opportunities, no doubt, but it takes just a right turn at any second for a vehicle in the middle of nowhere to find its bearing.
Portsmouth Climate Festival — Portsmouth, Portsmouth. Edition: Available editions United Kingdom. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. Sixty years after independence, Nigeria has yet to achieve its potential. Nigeria gained independence from the British empire in , initially adopting a British style of government with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as the first Nigerian head of government prime minister. The country then had a population of over 45 million people.
On Jan. A succession of increasingly repressive military governments ruled Nigeria for 29 of the next 33 years, until the restoration of democracy in The Nigerian government declared war and after 30 months of fighting, Biafra surrendered.
Oil profitability in Nigeria was greatest during the s, when it became the wealthiest country in Africa. Nigeria bolstered profits when it joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC in , and the discovery of oil is widely believed to have influenced the course of the civil war. Wole Soyinka was the first African to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, which he won in , and he is also a prominent social critic and political activist.
As an activist, he has been a voice for justice, freedom, and the end of tyranny.
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